Farmers Could Soon 'Take' Black Vultures Threatening Livestock Under New Bill, Annual Reporting Required

The Black Vulture Relief Act of 2025 proposes a significant change to how conflicts between livestock producers and black vultures are managed. This legislation would authorize livestock producers and their employees—defined as "covered persons"—to "take" black vultures if they are harming or are reasonably believed to be harming livestock. The definition of "take" is broad, including capturing, killing, or dispersing the birds, or even transporting a carcass. However, the use of poison is explicitly prohibited under Section 2.

When Vultures Pose a Threat

Black vultures, while important ecologically, can sometimes prey on vulnerable livestock, particularly newborns. This bill directly addresses complaints from farmers and ranchers experiencing such losses. Under Section 2, if a producer or employee involved in livestock operations believes a black vulture is causing, or is likely to cause, "death, injury, or destruction to livestock," they gain the authority to intervene directly. This shifts management away from needing specific permits often required under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (which currently protects black vultures) towards allowing immediate action by the producer on their property.

The Details: Reporting and 'Reasonable Belief'

While granting this new authority, the bill includes an oversight mechanism. Anyone who takes a black vulture under this act must submit an annual report to their regional U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) office by January 31st each year. Section 2 mandates the USFWS Director develop a reporting form within 180 days of the bill's enactment, ensuring it's not overly burdensome compared to existing permit reports. A key point of potential ambiguity lies in the standard of "reasonably believed to cause" harm. The bill doesn't define specific criteria for what constitutes 'reasonable belief,' leaving room for interpretation on the ground when quick decisions might be made.

Balancing Livestock Protection and Wildlife Conservation

This legislation highlights the ongoing tension between agricultural needs and wildlife conservation. It aims to provide direct relief to livestock producers facing economic losses from predation. The primary beneficiaries are farmers, ranchers, and their employees who gain flexibility in protecting their animals. However, it also raises questions about the potential impact on black vulture populations, as it removes a layer of protection afforded by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The effectiveness of the annual reporting system in monitoring the impact and preventing potential misuse of the 'reasonable belief' standard will be crucial if this bill becomes policy.